Superfamily Apoidea β€’ 20,000+ Global Species

Architects of Earth’s Flowering Ecosystems

Beyond the familiar honeybee hive lies an extraordinary universe: metallic green sweat bees, wood-drilling giant carpenters, and solitary leafcutters snipping petals for nursery cradle cells. Discover their biology, morphology, and irreplaceable ecological roles.

Explore by Taxonomic Family:
75%+

Are Solitary

Most bees live alone in ground burrows or hollow stems, not in hives!

1 in 3

Bites of Food

Fruits, nuts, vegetables, and seeds depend directly on bee pollination.

400 Hz

Buzz Pollination

Bumblebees vibrate flight muscles to unlock pollen from tomato flowers.

0 Barbs

In Solitary Bees

Only honeybee workers leave barbs behind; solitary bees are extremely gentle.

Comparing 2 species
Showing 17 cataloged species
Megachilidae
Megachileβ€’Megachilidae
8–12 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Ventral Abdominal Scopa Segmented Metasoma12 mm scale
Ventral Abdominal Scopa (Belly Brush)
Cavity Nester

Alfalfa Leafcutter Bee

Megachile rotundata

The master architect of solitary bees, precisely snipping circular leaf disks to construct thimble-like nursery cells for their young.

Body Size8–12 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range0.5 km
🌸 Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Andrenidae
Andrenaβ€’Andrenidae
12–15 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Femoral & Tibial Scopa Segmented Metasoma15 mm scale
Femoral & Tibial Scopa (Pollen Pants)
Ground Burrower

Ashy Mining Bee

Andrena cineraria

A striking monochrome spring solitary bee featuring ash-grey and velvet-black bands with a midnight-blue sheen.

Body Size12–15 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range0.9 km
🌸 Willows (Salix spp.)
Apidae
Tetragonulaβ€’Apidae
3.5–4.8 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma4.8 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Cavity Nester

Australian Stingless Bee (Sugarbag Bee)

Tetragonula carbonaria

A tiny, harmless stingless honeybee that builds breathtaking spiral honeycomb structures and produces tangy, medicinal "sugarbag" honey.

Body Size3.5–4.8 mm
SocialityEusocial
Flight Range0.5 km
🌸 Macadamia integrifolia
Halictidae
Agapostemonβ€’Halictidae
9–12 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Leg Scopa Segmented Metasoma12 mm scale
Leg Scopa (Hind Tibia)
Ground Burrower

Bicolored Agapostemon (Sweat Bee)

Agapostemon virescens

A jewel-like pollinator with brilliant emerald-green head and thorax, frequently attracted to the salt in human perspiration.

Body Size9–12 mm
SocialityCommunal
Flight Range0.6 km
🌸 Coneflowers (Echinacea)
Megachilidae
Osmiaβ€’Megachilidae
11–15 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Ventral Abdominal Scopa Segmented Metasoma15 mm scale
Ventral Abdominal Scopa (Belly Brush)
Plant Resin & Mud

Blue Orchard Mason Bee

Osmia lignaria

A solitary super-pollinator of fruit orchards; just 250 female mason bees can pollinate an entire acre of apple trees that would require 15,000 honeybees.

Body Size11–15 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range0.8 km
🌸 Apples (Malus domestica)
Apidae
Bombusβ€’Apidae
16–24 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma24 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Ground Burrower

Buff-tailed Bumblebee

Bombus terrestris

One of the most prolific European bumblebees, vital for buzz-pollinating greenhouse crops like tomatoes and peppers.

Body Size16–24 mm
SocialityPrimitively Social
Flight Range3.2 km
🌸 Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)
Colletidae
Hylaeusβ€’Colletidae
5–8 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma8 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Pithy Stem Nester

Common Yellow-faced Bee

Hylaeus communis

A wasp-like ancient bee lacking external pollen hairs that ingests pollen into its crop (stomach) and waterproofs its nest with a cellophane-like silk secretion.

Body Size5–8 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range0.3 km
🌸 Wild Carrot (Daucus carota)
Apidae
Xylocopaβ€’Apidae
19–25 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Dense Leg ScopaSegmented Metasoma25 mm scale
Dense Leg Scopa
Wood Excavator

Eastern Carpenter Bee

Xylocopa virginica

A massive, robust bee that drills perfectly round 1/2-inch tunnels into unpainted dead wood using its formidable jaw strength.

Body Size19–25 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range4 km
🌸 Passionflower (Passiflora)
Apidae
Anthophoraβ€’Apidae
13–16 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma16 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Ground Burrower

Hairy-footed Flower Bee

Anthophora plumipes

A lightning-fast solitary spring bee resembling a miniature flying teddy bear, with long feathery hair plumes on the middle legs of males.

Body Size13–16 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range1.2 km
🌸 Lungwort (Pulmonaria)
Colletidae
Colletesβ€’Colletidae
9–13 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma13 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Ground Burrower

Ivy Bee

Colletes hederae

The final bee of autumn, timing its entire emergence to coincide with the late September flowering of mature ivy before winter arrives.

Body Size9–13 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range1.1 km
🌸 Common Ivy (Hedera helix)
Apidae
Euceraβ€’Apidae
12–16 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma16 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Ground Burrower
Near Threatened

Long-horned Digger Bee

Eucera longicornis

Known for the extraordinary elongated antennae of males, which equal their entire body length and detect female floral pheromones from hundreds of meters away.

Body Size12–16 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range1.8 km
🌸 Meadow Vetchling (Lathyrus pratensis)
Apidae
Thyreusβ€’Apidae
12–16 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma16 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Brood Parasite

Neon Cuckoo Bee

Thyreus nitidulus

A breathtaking Australian kleptoparasitic bee covered in shimmering metallic turquoise-blue spots that sneaks into the nests of blue-banded bees.

Body Size12–16 mm
SocialityKleptoparasitic
Flight Range1.5 km
🌸 Abelia
Apidae
Peponapisβ€’Apidae
11–14 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma14 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Ground Burrower

Pruinose Squash Bee

Peponapis pruinosa

The ultimate squash and pumpkin specialist that wakes up before dawn to pollinate cucurbit blossoms before honeybees even leave their hives.

Body Size11–14 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range1 km
🌸 Pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo)
Apidae
Bombusβ€’Apidae
14–22 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma22 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Ground Burrower

Red-tailed Bumblebee

Bombus lapidarius

A dramatic, velvety black European bumblebee tipped with a fiery scarlet-orange tail, known for its preference for clovers and thistles.

Body Size14–22 mm
SocialityPrimitively Social
Flight Range2.8 km
🌸 Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
Apidae
Bombusβ€’Apidae
14–22 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma22 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Ground Burrower
Critically Endangered

Rusty Patched Bumblebee

Bombus affinis

A critically endangered North American bumblebee whose population plummeted by 87% within two decades, now a flagship species for insect conservation.

Body Size14–22 mm
SocialityPrimitively Social
Flight Range2.5 km
🌸 Leadplant (Amorpha canescens)
Megachilidae
Megachileβ€’Megachilidae
23–39 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Abdominal Scopa & Giant MandiblesSegmented Metasoma39 mm scale
Abdominal Scopa & Giant Mandibles
Plant Resin & Mud
Vulnerable

Wallace's Giant Bee

Megachile pluto

The largest living bee on Earth, with a wingspan of 2.5 inches and ferocious stag beetle-like jaws used to harvest tree resin inside termite nests.

Body Size23–39 mm
SocialitySolitary
Flight Range6 km
🌸 Dipterocarpaceae (Resin trees)
Apidae
Apisβ€’Apidae
12–16 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma16 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Cavity Nester
Data Deficient

Western Honeybee

Apis mellifera

The world’s most widely managed pollinator, renowned for complex eusocial colonies, hexagonal wax combs, and the waggle dance language.

Body Size12–16 mm
SocialityEusocial
Flight Range5.5 km
🌸 Clover (Trifolium)
ApoideaApidaeTetragonula
Apidae β€’ ApinaeIUCN: Least Concern

Australian Stingless Bee (Sugarbag Bee)

Tetragonula carbonaria

Native Geographic Range:Eastern Australia (Queensland & New South Wales coastal zones)
Tetragonulaβ€’Apidae
3.5–4.8 mm
Compound Eye4 Wings (Hamuli)Corbicula Segmented Metasoma4.8 mm scale
Corbicula (Pollen Basket)
Cavity Nester
Body Length3.5–4.8 mm
Wingspan6–8.5 mm
Social StructureEusocial
Foraging Radius0.5 km
Flight Speed12 km/h
Sting Risk (0–4)Level 0 / 4

Biology & Natural History

Tetragonula carbonaria is a native Australian eusocial stingless bee. Measuring just 4 mm in length, these miniature black bees live in permanent colonies of 10,000 workers. They construct phenomenal architectural brood nests made of cerumen (a blend of beeswax and gathered tree resins) arranged in a flat, clockwise spiral helix.

Nesting Architecture: Cavity Nester

Nests inside hollow eucalyptus tree trunks, rock cavities, and wooden OATH hive boxes, sealing gaps with antimicrobial propolis.

Pollination & Foraging Mechanism

Mode: Polylectic (Macadamia, Mangoes, & Rainforest Flora)

Preferred Host Flora:
🌸 Macadamia integrifolia🌸 Eucalyptus blossoms🌸 Mango flowers (Mangifera indica)🌸 Avocados🌸 Native Melaleuca
Active Flight Months
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

Adult flight period is synchronized with peak bloom of preferred host flowers.

Fascinating Natural Facts

  • 1Their brood comb forms a mesmerizing geometric spiral pattern containing hundreds of hexagonal cells winding upward.
  • 2Indigenous Australians have harvested "sugarbag" honey and wax for at least 40,000 years for food, musical didgeridoo mouthpieces, and tool hafting.
  • 3Immune to Varroa destructor mites that are devastating European honeybee populations worldwide.
Primary Ecological Threats
  • β€’Severe sub-zero winter cold snaps (cannot survive below 10Β°C without hive insulation)
  • β€’Deforestation of mature hollow-bearing trees
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